ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN DRINKING WATER OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PESHAWAR MASTER PLAN

Abstract

This study investigates drinking water quality across selected urban and semi-urban zones in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Fourteen water samples were collected from tube wells (source) and tap water (end-use) in seven key locations. These were analyzed for physical (pH, conductivity, temperature), chemical (TDS, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates), and biological (E. coli and coliforms) parameters. Results indicated that physical and chemical values largely complied with WHO and Pakistan NEQS guidelines. However, microbial contamination was observed in a significant portion of samples. These findings suggest the need for infrastructure upgrades, routine monitoring, and improved sanitation practices to ensure water safety in rapidly urbanizing areas.

Keywords: Drinking water, Water quality, Health Hazard, Urban planning, Physical parameters, Chemical contamination, Microbial safety, Coliform bacteria,  Peshawar,  National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs).