THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WOMEN’S NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

Climate change poses one of the most pressing challenges to human security, with disproportionate effects on women in developing countries like Pakistan. Women, particularly in rural and low-income households, often experience the brunt of food insecurity and nutritional deficiencies due to their socially constructed roles, limited access to resources, and vulnerability to climate-induced shocks such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The problem is further compounded by poverty, gender inequality, and inadequate public health interventions, leading to a higher prevalence of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among women. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of climate change on women’s nutrition and food security in Pakistan by identifying the key socio-economic and environmental factors that exacerbate their vulnerability. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary data analysis from national nutrition and climate reports with primary data collection through household surveys and semi-structured interviews conducted in selected climate-vulnerable districts of Sindh, Balochistan, and southern Punjab. Preliminary results indicate a strong correlation between climate variability, declining agricultural productivity, and reduced dietary diversity among women. Findings also reveal that women-headed households and pregnant or lactating mothers are disproportionately affected, facing increased risks of undernutrition and anaemia. Moreover, traditional coping strategies, such as reducing food intake or prioritizing male members of the household, further exacerbate women’s nutritional insecurity. The study concludes that climate change is not merely an environmental issue but a gendered challenge with direct implications for women’s health and socio-economic stability. Addressing these challenges requires gender-sensitive climate adaptation policies, investment in climate-resilient agriculture, and targeted nutrition programs for women in vulnerable regions. Such interventions are critical for ensuring food security and advancing sustainable development in Pakistan.

Keywords: Climate Change, Women’s Nutrition, Food Security, Gender Vulnerability, Pakistan